Ophthalmic Apparatus with a Passive Event-Based Coloration System

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses methods and apparatus for methods and apparatus for manufacturing an Ophthalmic Lens with passive event coloration mechanisms, which may not require a power source. In some embodiments, the passive event coloration mechanisms may be combined with Rigid Inserts or Media Inserts, wherein the inserts may provide additional functionalities.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/899,528 filed May 21, 2013.

FIELD OF USE

This invention describes methods, apparatus, and devices related toOphthalmic Lenses with an event coloration mechanism, wherein the eventcoloration mechanism may provide a visual indication upon the occurrenceof a predefined event. More specifically, the invention describes themethod of manufacturing Ophthalmic Lenses with event colorationmechanisms that may not require a power source.

BACKGROUND

Traditionally, an Ophthalmic Device, such as a contact lens, anintraocular lens, or a punctal plug included a biocompatible device witha corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic quality. A contact lens, forexample, can provide one or more of vision correcting functionality,cosmetic enhancement, and therapeutic effects. Each function is providedby a physical characteristic of the lens. A design incorporating arefractive quality into a lens can provide a vision corrective function.A pigment incorporated into the lens can provide a cosmetic enhancement.An active agent incorporated into a lens can provide a therapeuticfunctionality. Such physical characteristics may be accomplished withoutthe lens entering into an energized state.

The functionality of the Ophthalmic Lens may not be limited toophthalmic functions. When placed on an eye, an Ophthalmic Lens is incontact with the ocular environment, such as, tear fluid, which mayinclude constituents similar to those contained in blood. Accordingly,an Ophthalmic Lens may provide a platform to monitor specific attributesof the ocular environment, such as tear fluid constituents.

It may be desirable to improve the process, methods, and resultingdevices for realizing event coloration mechanisms of various kinds. Itmay be anticipated that some of the solutions for passive eventcoloration mechanisms inserts may provide novel aspects for energizeddevices and other biomedical devices. Accordingly, novel methods,devices, and apparatus relating to Ophthalmic Lenses with passive eventcoloration mechanisms are therefore important.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, the present invention includes innovations relating to amethod of manufacturing an Ophthalmic Lens with an event colorationmechanism. The method may comprise the steps of forming a lens, whereinthe lens may comprise a soft biocompatible material; and encapsulatingan event coloration mechanism within the lens, wherein the eventcoloration mechanism may be capable of triggering a visual indication inthe Ophthalmic Lens based on an occurrence of a predefined event, suchas, for example, a change in pH in the ocular environment.

The method may further comprise the steps of adding a Reactive MonomerMixture to one or both a front curve mold and a back curve mold part;placing the back curve mold proximate to the front curve mold; curingthe Reactive Monomer Mixture to form the Ophthalmic Device; demoldingthe front curve mold part and the back curve part; removing OphthalmicLens from the demolded front curve mold and back curve. In someembodiments, the method may also comprise hydrating the Ophthalmic Lens.

In some embodiments, the event coloration mechanism may further comprisea reservoir containing a substance, wherein the substance may be capableof coloration by reacting to a predefined constituent or a predefinedcondition of the tear fluid of the eye; and an encapsulating layer,wherein the encapsulating layer may be capable of encapsulating thereservoir. For example, the event coloration mechanism may compriseliquid crystal, wherein the liquid crystal may be capable of alteringcolor based on a temperature change in the ocular environment.Alternatively, the encapsulating layer may be selectively permeable tothe predefined constituent of the tear fluid, wherein the predefinedconstituent may be indicative of the predefined event.

In some embodiments, the encapsulating may occur after the curing, andthe encapsulating may further comprise the method steps of injecting theevent mechanism into the lens at a predefined depth. Alternatively, theencapsulating may occur before the curing, and the encapsulating mayfurther comprise the method steps of injecting the event colorationmechanism into a location that will be between the front curve mold partand the back curve mold part. In some such embodiments, the curing ofthe Reactive Monomer Mixture may be capable of securing the eventcoloration mechanism within the lens. The curing may be capable ofcuring the encapsulating layer of the event coloration mechanism.

In some embodiments, the event coloration mechanism may further comprisea Rigid Insert. For example, the Rigid Insert may comprise an annularshape capable of framing an Optic Zone of the eye. Where theencapsulating occurs prior to curing, the encapsulating may furthercomprise the method steps of placing the event coloration mechanism in alocation that will be between the front curve mold part and the backcurve part. Alternatively, the encapsulating may occur after the curing,and the encapsulating may further comprise the method steps of insertingthe event coloration mechanism into the lens. Where the encapsulatingoccurs after the curing, the encapsulating may further comprise themethod steps of inserting the event coloration mechanism into the lens.

In still other embodiments, the encapsulating may further comprise themethod steps of anchoring a reactive molecule within the lens. Thereactive molecule may comprise a binding portion capable of binding withthe predefined constituent; an acceptor coloration portion located on afirst end of the binding portion; and a donor coloration portion locatedon a second end of the binding portion. The binding may be capable ofaltering a configuration of the reactive molecule, wherein a change inconfiguration may be capable of providing the visual indication.

In some embodiments, the encapsulating may occur prior to curing theReactive Mixture and may further comprise mixing the event colorationmechanism with the Reactive Monomer Mixture. In such embodiments, themethod may further comprise the method steps of curing the eventcoloration mechanism. The curing of the event coloration mechanism maycomprise a separate curing process than the curing of the ReactiveMonomer Mixture. Alternatively, at least a portion of the curing of theevent coloration mechanism and at least a portion of the curing of theReactive Monomer Mixture may occur simultaneously.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an Ophthalmic Lens with apassive event coloration mechanism.

FIG. 2 illustrates an alternate embodiment of passive event colorationmechanisms included in an Ophthalmic Lens.

FIG. 3 illustrates an alternate embodiment of passive event colorationmechanisms included in an Ophthalmic Lens.

FIG. 4 illustrates an alternate embodiment of an Ophthalmic Lens with apassive event coloration mechanism.

FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary flowchart of method steps formanufacturing an Ophthalmic Lens with passive event colorationmechanisms.

FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary method steps for manufacturing anOphthalmic Lens with passive event coloration mechanisms.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention describes an Ophthalmic Lens device with passiveevent coloration mechanisms. In general, according to some embodimentsof the present invention, passive event coloration mechanisms may beincorporated with an Ophthalmic Lens, including those with a RigidInsert or Media Insert. Passive event coloration mechanisms may be“activated” without requiring a power source, but instead may interfaceor interact with an ocular environment. This proximity with the ocularenvironment may allow for a wide range of events.

In some embodiments, for example, the event may be a specific orthreshold concentration of a biomarker within the tear fluid. Monitoringthe concentration of certain biomarkers within tear fluid may allow apatient or doctor to develop a more effective therapy schedule, such aswith light therapy and melatonin levels. Alternatively, the colorationmay be able to alert the patient of ineffective or dangerous levels ofthe biomarker, which may be high levels or low levels, depending on thebiomarker. For example, high levels of glucose in a diabetic patient mayrequire an emergency response.

An alternative example of an event may be medication levels in the tearfluid. Some medications are most effective within a specificconcentration range, and some may even be dangerous at concentrationsabove that range. Such medications may include, for example, those thattreat mental disorders, thyroid diseases, or degenerative braindiseases, such as, Alzheimer's disease.

For example, valproic acid is a common medication that may treatepilepsy or bipolar, in lower doses. Frequent blood tests may berequired to monitor the concentration of the medication to ensure theconcentration is within the therapeutic range and not into the toxicrange, which may cause, for example, renal failure or increase insymptoms of the mental disorder. A constant monitoring system may allowa patient to maintain safe and effective levels.

Other events may include the presence or concentration of specificpathogens, for example, those that may cause ocular infections or may beindicative of non-ocular infections or diseases, such as keratitis,conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, and cellulitis. Such pathogens mayinclude, for example, Acanthamoeba keratitis, Pseudomona aeruginosa,Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Staphylococcus and Streptococcus strains,such as S. aureus.

In the following sections, detailed descriptions of embodiments of theinvention will be given. The description of both preferred andalternative embodiments are exemplary embodiments only, and it isunderstood that to those skilled in the art that variations,modifications, and alterations may be apparent. It is therefore to beunderstood that said exemplary embodiments do not limit the scope of theunderlying invention.

Glossary

In this description and claims directed to the presented invention,various terms may be used for which the following definitions willapply:

Back Curve Piece or Back Insert Piece: as used herein refers to a solidelement of a multi-piece Rigid Insert which when assembled into the saidinsert will occupy a location on the side of the lens that is on theback. In an Ophthalmic Device, said piece may be located on the side ofthe insert that would be closer to the user's eye surface. In someembodiments, the back curve piece may contain and include a region inthe center of an Ophthalmic Device through which light may proceed intothe user's eye, which may be called an Optic Zone. In other embodiments,the piece may take an annular shape where it does not contain or includesome or all of the regions in an optic zone. In some embodiments of anophthalmic insert, there may be multiple back curve pieces and one ofthem may include the optic zone, while others may be annular or portionsof an annulus.

Component: as used herein refers to a device capable of drawingelectrical current from an Energy Source to perform one or more of achange of logical state or physical state.

Encapsulate: as used herein refers to creating a barrier to separate anentity, such as, for example, a Media Insert, from an environmentadjacent to the entity.

Encapsulant: as used herein refers to a layer formed surrounding anentity, such as, for example, a Media Insert, that creates a barrier toseparate the entity from an environment adjacent to the entity. Forexample, Encapsulants may be comprised of silicone hydrogels, such asEtafilcon, Galyfilcon, Narafilcon, and Senofilcon, or other hydrogelcontact lens material. In some embodiments, an Encapsulant may besemipermeable to contain specified substances within the entity andpreventing specified substances, such as, for example, water, fromentering the entity.

Energized: as used herein refers to the state of being able to supplyelectrical current to or to have electrical energy stored within.

Energy: as used herein refers to the capacity of a physical system to dowork. Many uses within this invention may relate to the said capacitybeing able to perform electrical actions in doing work.

Energy Source: as used herein refers to device capable of supplyingEnergy or placing a biomedical device in an Energized state.

Event: as used herein refers to a defined set of parameters, such as,for example, a biomarker level, energization level, pH level, or avisual recognition of a particular object. An event may be specific to awearer, such as a level of medication, or may be generally applicable toall wearers, such as temperature.

Front Curve Piece or Front Insert Piece: as used herein refers to asolid element of a multi-piece Rigid Insert which when assembled intothe said insert will occupy a location on the side of the lens that ison the front. In an Ophthalmic Device, a Front Curve Piece would belocated on the side of the insert that would be further from the user'seye surface. In some embodiments, the piece may contain and include aregion in the center of an Ophthalmic Device through which light mayproceed into the user's eye, which may be called an Optic Zone. In otherembodiments, the piece may take an annular shape where it does notcontain or include some or all of the regions in an optic zone. In someembodiments of an ophthalmic insert, there may be multiple front curvepieces and one of them may include the optic zone, while others may beannular or portions of an annulus.

Lens-forming mixture or Reactive Mixture or Reactive Monomer Mixture(RMM): as used herein refers to a monomer or prepolymer material thatcan be cured and cross-linked or cross-linked to form an OphthalmicLens. Various embodiments can include lens-forming mixtures with one ormore additives such as UV blockers, tints, photoinitiators or catalysts,and other additives one might desire in an Ophthalmic Lenses such as,contact or intraocular lenses.

Lens-forming Surface: as used herein refers to a surface that is used tomold a lens. In some embodiments, any such surface can have an opticalquality surface finish, which indicates that it is sufficiently smoothand formed so that a lens surface fashioned by the polymerization of alens forming material in contact with the molding surface is opticallyacceptable. Further, in some embodiments, the lens-forming surface canhave a geometry that is necessary to impart to the lens surface thedesired optical characteristics, including without limitation,spherical, aspherical and cylinder power, wave front aberrationcorrection, corneal topography correction and the like as well as anycombinations thereof.

Liquid Crystal: as used herein refers to a state of matter havingproperties between a conventional liquid and a solid crystal. A LiquidCrystal cannot be characterized as a solid but its molecules exhibitsome degree of alignment. As used herein, a Liquid Crystal is notlimited to a particular phase or structure, but a Liquid Crystal mayhave a specific resting orientation. The orientation and phases of aLiquid Crystal may be manipulated by external forces such as, forexample, temperature, magnetism, or electricity, depending on the classof Liquid Crystal.

Lithium Ion Cell: as used herein refers to an electrochemical cell whereLithium ions move through the cell to generate electrical energy. Thiselectrochemical cell, typically called a battery, may be reenergized orrecharged in its typical forms.

Media Insert: as used herein refers to an encapsulated insert that willbe included in an energized Ophthalmic Device. The energization elementsand circuitry may be embedded in the Media Insert. The Media Insertdefines the primary purpose of the energized Ophthalmic Device. Forexample, in embodiments where the energized Ophthalmic Device allows theuser to adjust the optic power, the Media Insert may includeenergization elements that control a liquid meniscus portion in theOptical Zone. Alternatively, a Media Insert may be annular so that theOptical Zone is void of material. In such embodiments, the energizedfunction of the Lens may not be optic quality but may be, for example,monitoring glucose or administering medicine.

Mold: as used herein refers to a rigid or semi-rigid object that may beused to form lenses from uncured formulations. Some preferred moldsinclude two mold parts forming a front curve Mold part and a back curveMold part.

Ophthalmic Lens or Ophthalmic Device or Lens: as used herein refers toany device that resides in or on the eye, in contrast to a spectaclelens. The device may provide optical correction, may be cosmetic, orprovide some functionality unrelated to optic quality. For example, theterm Lens may refer to a contact Lens, intraocular Lens, overlay Lens,ocular insert, optical insert, or other similar device through whichvision is corrected or modified, or through which eye physiology iscosmetically enhanced (e.g. iris color) without impeding vision.Alternatively, Lens may refer to a device that may be placed on the eyewith a function other than vision correction, such as, for example,monitoring of a constituent of tear fluid or means of administering anactive agent. In some embodiments, the preferred Lenses of the inventionmay be soft contact Lenses that are made from silicone elastomers orhydrogels, which may include, for example, silicone hydrogels andfluorohydrogels.

Optic Zone: as used herein refers to an area of an Ophthalmic Lensthrough which a wearer of the Ophthalmic Lens sees.

Power: as used herein refers to work done or energy transferred per unitof time.

Reenergize or Recharge: as used herein refers to a restoration to astate with higher capacity to do work. Many uses within this inventionmay relate to restoring a device to the capability to flow electricalcurrent at a certain rate for a specified, reestablished time period.

Released from a mold: as used herein refers to a lens is eithercompletely separated from the mold, or is only loosely attached so thatit can be removed with mild agitation or pushed off with a swab.

Rigid Insert: as used herein refers to an insert that maintains apredefined topography and includes a greater modulus than a hydrogel incontact with all or part of the Rigid Insert. When included in a ContactLens, the Rigid Insert may contribute to the functionality of the Lens.For example, varying topography of or densities within the Rigid Insertmay define zones, which may correct vision in users with astigmatism.

Three-dimensional Surface or Three-dimensional Substrate: as used hereinrefers to any surface or substrate that has been three-dimensionallyformed where the topography is designed for a specific purpose, incontrast to a planar surface.

Ophthalmic Lens with an Event Coloration Mechanism

Non-Energizable Event Coloration Mechanisms

Proceeding to FIG. 1, an example of a Rigid Insert 121 with anon-energizable event coloration mechanism 122 is illustrated. In someembodiments, an event coloration mechanism 122 may comprise a reactivemixture, which, for example, may be added to, printed on, or embedded ina Rigid Insert 121, such as through thermoforming techniques.Alternatively, not shown, the event coloration mechanism 122 may notrequire a Rigid Insert 121 but instead may be located on or within thehydrogel portion 123, for example, through use of printing or injectiontechniques.

The event coloration mechanism 122 may comprise a portion of the RigidInsert 121 that is reactive to some component of the transient tearfluid or some component within the Ophthalmic Lens 120. For example, theevent may be a specific accumulation of some precipitant, such as,lipids or proteins, on either or both the Rigid Insert 131 and thehydrogel portion 133, depending on the composition of the OphthalmicLens 130. The accumulation level may “activate” the event colorationmechanism 132 without requiring a power source. The activation may begradual wherein the color becomes more visible as the accumulation levelincreases, which may indicate when the Ophthalmic Lens 130 needs to becleaned or replaced.

Alternatively, the color may only be apparent at a specific level. Insome embodiments, the activation may be reversible, such as, forexample, where the wearer effectively removes the precipitant from thehydrogel portion 133 or the Rigid Insert 131. The event colorationmechanism 132 may be located outside the Optic Zone, which may allow foran annular embodiment of the Rigid Insert, not shown. In otherembodiments, particularly where the event may prompt a wearer to takeimmediate action, the event coloration mechanism 132 may be locatedwithin the Optic Zone, allowing the wearer to see the activation of theevent coloration mechanism 132.

In some other embodiments, the event coloration mechanism, not shown,may comprise a reservoir containing a colored substance, such as, forexample, a dye. Prior to the occurrence of the event, the reservoir maynot be visible. The reservoir may be encapsulated with a degradablematerial, which may be irreversibly degraded by some constituent of thetear fluid, including, for example, proteins or lipids. Once degraded,the colored substance may be released into the Ophthalmic Lens 130 orinto a second reservoir. Such an embodiment may indicate when adisposable Ophthalmic Lens 130 should be disposed, for example, based ona manufacturer's recommended parameters.

Proceeding to FIG. 2, an exemplary embodiment of an Ophthalmic Lens 200with multiple event coloration mechanisms 201-208 is illustrated. Insome embodiments, the event coloration mechanisms 201-208 may be locatedwithin the soft, hydrogel portion 210 of the Ophthalmic Lens 200 andoutside the Optic Zone 209. Such embodiments may not require a RigidInsert or Media Insert for functioning of the event colorationmechanisms 201-208, though inserts may still be incorporated in theOphthalmic Lens 200 allowing for additional functionalities.

In some embodiments, each event coloration mechanism 201-208 may beseparately encapsulated within the soft, hydrogel portion 210 of theOphthalmic Lens. The contents of the event coloration mechanisms 201-208may include a compound reactive to some condition, such as temperature,or component of tear fluid, such as a biomarker.

In some embodiments, each event coloration mechanism 201-208 may“activate” based on different events. For example, one event colorationmechanism 208 may comprise liquid crystal that may react to changes intemperatures of the ocular environment, wherein the event is a fever.Other event coloration mechanisms 202-206 within the same OphthalmicLens 200 may react to specific pathogens, for example, those that maycause ocular infections or may be indicative of non-ocular infections ordiseases, such as keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, andcellulitis. Such pathogens may include, for example, Acanthamoebakeratitis, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, andStaphylococcus and Streptococcus strains, such as S. aureus.

The event coloration mechanisms 201-207 may be encapsulated with acompound that may be selectively permeable to a component of tear fluid.In some embodiments, the event coloration mechanism 202-206 may functionby agglutination, such as through a coagulase test, wherein a higherconcentration of the pathogen may adhere to a compound within the eventcoloration mechanism 202-206 and may cause clumping or the formation ofprecipitate. The precipitate may provide coloration or may react withanother compound in the event coloration mechanism 202-206 through aseparate reaction. Alternatively, the event coloration mechanism 202-206may comprise a reagent that colors upon reaction, such as with someoxidase tests.

In still other embodiments, an event coloration mechanism 202-206 mayfunction similarly to a litmus test, wherein the event colorationmechanism activates based on the pH or pOH within the ocularenvironment. For example, to monitor the concentration of valproic acid,the event coloration mechanism may contain specific proteins that wouldbe able to bind to the valproic acid up to a specific concentration. Thenon-binding valproic acid may be indicative of the effective quantitieswithin the tear fluid. The pH or pOH within the event colorationmechanism may increase with the increased concentration of the acid.

Other exemplary coloration mechanisms 201 may be reactive to ultravioletrays, wherein the event may be overexposure of the eye to UV light, aswith snow blindness. Another coloration mechanism 207 may react toprotein accumulation, such as described with FIG. 1.

Some event coloration mechanisms 208 may be reversible, such as when thewearer has effectively responded to the event. For example, after awearer has rinsed the Ophthalmic Lens, the level of pathogens or proteinmay be sufficiently reduced to allow for safe use of the OphthalmicLens. Alternatively, the coloration may be reversible on the eye, suchas where the event is a fever and the wearer's temperature has beeneffectively lowered.

As shown in cross section, the event coloration mechanisms 222, 226 maybe located in the periphery of the Ophthalmic Lens 220 without alteringthe optical surface of the hydrogel portion 230. In some embodiments,not shown, the event coloration mechanisms may be at least partiallywithin the Optic Zone 229, alerting the wearer of the event. Thelocations of the event coloration mechanisms 222, 226 may be variedwithin a single Ophthalmic Lens 220, with some in the periphery and somewithin the Optic Zone 229.

The event coloration mechanisms 201-208 may be independently activated.For example, the wearer may have a fever, triggering a change incoloration in liquid crystal contained in an event coloration mechanism208. Two other event coloration mechanisms 205, 206 may indicate highlevels of S. aureus and A. keratitis, which may provide guidance on whatis causing the fever, particularly where other symptoms corroborate thediagnosis. Where the event coloration mechanisms 201-208 serve asdiagnostic tools, the coloration may not be reversible, allowing thewearer to remove the Ophthalmic Lens 200 without losing the eventindication.

In some embodiments, the event coloration mechanism 208 may be coated ina substance with low permeability, such as, for example, parylene. Thisembodiment may be particularly significant where the event colorationmechanism 208 contains compounds that may be dangerous if in contactwith the eye or where the event does not require interaction with thetear fluid. For example, where the event is a temperature change, aliquid crystal droplet may be parylene coated, which may be furtherstrengthened into a hermetic seal by alternating the parylene with afortifying compound, such as, silicon dioxide, gold, or aluminum.

For exemplary purposes, the Ophthalmic Lens 200 is shown to includeeight event coloration mechanisms. However, it may be obvious to thoseskilled in the art that other quantities of event coloration mechanismsmay be practical.

Proceeding to FIG. 3, an alternative embodiment of an Ophthalmic Lens300 with event coloration mechanisms 311-314, 321-324, 331-334 isillustrated. In some such embodiments, the event mechanisms 311-314,321-324, 331-334 may include a reactive molecule 312-314, 322-324,332-334 anchored within the Ophthalmic Lens.

The reactive molecule 312-314, 332-334 may comprise a central bindingportion 313, 333 flanked by a quencher 312, 331 and a coloration portion314, 334, such as, for example, a chromophore or fluorophore. Dependingon the molecular structure, when a specified compound binds to thebinding portion 313, 333, the coloration portion 314, 334 may shiftcloser to the quencher 312, reducing coloration, or may shift away fromthe quencher 332, which would increase coloration. In other embodiments,the reactive molecule 322-324 may comprise a binding portion 323 flankedby Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pairs 322, 324. FRET pairs322, 324 may function similarly to a quencher 312, 332 and chromophore314, 334, though FRET pairs 322, 324 may both exhibit coloration and,when in close proximity to each other, their spectral overlap may causea change in coloration.

The reactive molecule 312-314, 322-324, 332-334 may be selected totarget specific compounds within the tear fluid. In some embodiments,the specific compound may directly indicate the event. For example,where a level of glucose in the tear fluid is the event, the reactivemolecule 312-314, 322-324, 332-334 may directly bind with the glucose.Where the event is the presence or concentration of a pathogen, forexample, a particular aspect of that pathogen may bind with the reactivemolecule 312-314, 322-324, 332-334. This may include a unique lipid orprotein component of that pathogen. Alternatively, the specific compoundmay be an indirect indicator of the event. The specific compound may bea byproduct of the pathogen, such as a particular antibody that respondsto that pathogen.

In some embodiments, the reactive molecule 312-314 may be anchoredwithin the Ophthalmic Lens by a secondary compound 311, such as, forexample, a protein, peptide, or aptamer. Alternatively, the hydrogel 302may provide a sufficient anchor 321 to secure the reactive molecule322-324 within the Ophthalmic Lens 300. The reactive molecule 322-324may be in contact with the Reactive Monomer Mix prior to polymerization,which may allow the reactive molecule 322-324 to chemically bind withthe hydrogel 321. The reactive molecule may be injected into thehydrogel after polymerization but before hydration, which may allowprecise placement of the reactive molecule.

In some embodiments, tinting the anchoring mechanism may provide broadercosmetic choices. The Ophthalmic Lens may further comprise a limbic ringor an iris pattern, which may provide a static and natural background orforeground to the event coloration mechanisms. The design pattern may beincluded on or within the hydrogel or may be included in a Rigid Insertthrough a variety of processes, such as, for example, printing on asurface of the Rigid Insert. In some such embodiments, the peripheryevent coloration mechanisms may be arranged to appear less artificial,for example through a sunburst pattern that may more naturally integrateinto the wearer's iris pattern or an iris pattern included in theOphthalmic Lens than random dotting throughout the Ophthalmic Lens.

In other embodiments, the reactive molecule 332-334 may be anchored to aRigid Insert 331. The Rigid Insert, not shown, may be annular and mayanchor multiple reactive molecules outside of the Optic Zone 301.Alternatively, the Rigid Insert 331 may be a small periphery insert,which may anchor a single reactive molecule 332-334 or many of the samereactive molecules, which may allow for a more vibrant coloration.

As illustrated in cross section, the placement of the reactive molecules360, 380 within the Ophthalmic Lens 350 may be varied within thehydrogel 352. For example, some reactive molecules 380 may be entirelyin the periphery with no overlap with the Optic Zone 351. Other reactivemolecules 360 may at least partially extend into the Optic Zone 351. Insome such embodiments, the reactive molecules 360 may extend into theOptic Zone 351 in some configurations of that reactive molecule 360,such as when the event has occurred, which may alert the wearer of theevent.

Proceeding to FIG. 4, an exemplary embodiment of an Ophthalmic Lens 400with a variety of event coloration mechanisms 401-408, 410 isillustrated. Some Ophthalmic Lenses 400 may comprise a combination ofevent coloration mechanism embodiments. For example, the eventcoloration mechanisms may include FRET pairs 401, parylene-coated liquidcrystal 403, Rigid Insert anchored quencher 408, secondary compoundanchored quencher 406, selectively permeable reservoirs 402, 404, 405,407.

An event coloration mechanism may also be integrated with the hydrogelportion 410. For example, a reactive molecule may be mixed with theReactive Monomer Mixture prior to polymerization. In some suchembodiments, the event coloration mechanism may be dispersed throughoutthe hydrogel 410, including over the Optic Zone 409.

In some embodiments, the varied event coloration mechanisms 401-408 mayindicate a mix of events, which may be tailored according to a patient'sneeds. For example, the event coloration mechanisms may indicate aseries of event related to a single disorder. In some such embodiments,one event coloration mechanism may change color with an increase inglucose levels, and another event coloration mechanism may lose colorwhen a diabetic medication is in low concentration. Such an embodimentmay act as a reminder to the patient to take their medication or mayallow the patient to eat accordingly. Another example may includemonitoring serotonin levels in a first event coloration mechanism anddepression medications in other event coloration mechanisms. This may beparticularly significant where a patient takes a combination ofmedications.

Proceeding to FIG. 5, an exemplary method step flowchart 500, 520, 550for manufacturing an Ophthalmic Lens 550 with passive colorationmechanisms 555, 553 is illustrated. In some embodiments, the OphthalmicLens 550 may be formed through injection molding techniques, forexample, through polymerization of Reactive Monomer Mixture 524 betweena front curve mold piece 501 and back curve mold piece 502. It may beapparent to one ordinarily skilled in the art that other techniques,such as free form lithography, may be practical.

An event coloration mechanism 503 may be placed in the molding apparatus501, 502 prior to the addition of the Reactive Monomer Mixture 524. Insome such embodiments, the Reactive Monomer Mixture 524 may encapsulatethe event coloration mechanism 523 when the front curve mold piece 521is placed in proximity to the back curve mold piece 522, andpolymerization of the RMM may secure the event coloration mechanism 523within the Ophthalmic Lens 550. In embodiments with inserts, such as aRigid Insert or Media Insert, the inclusion of the event colorationmechanisms 555, 553 may occur prior to, after, or in conjunction withthe inserts.

As illustrated in FIG. 4, an event coloration mechanism may be mixedwith the RMM prior to polymerization, allowing the dispersion of theevent coloration mechanism throughout at least a portion of thehydrogel. An event coloration mechanism 555 may be included within theOphthalmic Lens 550 after polymerization of the RMM, such as, forexample, through an injection mechanism 556. Such an injection may occurprior to hydration in some embodiments, which may allow for preciseplacement of the event coloration mechanism within the still-hardhydrogel 554. For illustrative purposes, the event coloration mechanisms555, 553 are shown as droplets (as described with FIG. 2), but otherembodiments, such as those previously discussed, may be included withinan Ophthalmic Lens 550 using similar techniques.

Proceeding to FIG. 6, exemplary method steps for forming an OphthalmicLens with passive event coloration mechanisms are illustrated. At 605,an event coloration mechanism may be prepared. The preparation mayinclude formulating a molecular structure that may allow the moleculemay react with the specified compound in the tear fluid, wherein thereaction may prompt a coloration or color change. In some embodiments,the preparation may include, for example, adding anchoring compounds orencapsulating a reagent or liquid crystal droplet.

In some embodiments, at 610, an event coloration mechanism mayoptionally be mixed with the Reactive Monomer Mixture, which may allowfor the dispersion of the event coloration mechanism within at least aportion of the Ophthalmic Lens. At 615, a prepared event colorationmechanism may optionally be placed in a location that will be in contactwith the RMM, such as, for example, on the front curve mold piece orbetween the front and back curve mold pieces.

At 620, RMM may be added in a location that will be between the frontcurve and back curve mold pieces, such as, for example, by injecting theRMM onto the front curve mold piece. At 625, the front curve mold piecemay be placed in proximity to the back curve mold piece to form a lenscavity, which may allow the RMM to encapsulate the placed eventcoloration mechanism. At 630, the RMM may be polymerized to form theOphthalmic Lens. In some embodiments, at 630, the event colorationmechanisms may also be polymerized, such as, for example, where areactive molecule may be anchored to hydrogel or where the eventcoloration mechanism may be mixed in with the RMM.

At 635, an event coloration mechanism may optionally be inserted orinjected into the polymerized Ophthalmic Lens. At 640, the OphthalmicLens may be removed from the molding apparatus, and at 645, theOphthalmic Lens may be hydrated. In some embodiments, the insertion at635 may occur prior to hydration and removal from the apparatus.Alternatively, the insertion at 635 may occur after the Ophthalmic Lenshas been removed from the apparatus, but prior to hydration.

Materials for Insert Based Ophthalmic Lenses

In some embodiments, a lens type can be a lens that includes asilicone-containing component. A “silicone-containing component” is onethat contains at least one [—Si—O—] unit in a monomer, macromer orprepolymer. Preferably, the total Si and attached O are present in thesilicone-containing component in an amount greater than about 20 weightpercent, and more preferably greater than 30 weight percent of the totalmolecular weight of the silicone-containing component. Usefulsilicone-containing components preferably comprise polymerizablefunctional groups such as acrylate, methacrylate, acrylamide,methacrylamide, vinyl, N-vinyl lactam, N-vinylamide, and styrylfunctional groups.

In some embodiments, the Ophthalmic Lens skirt, which sometimes may becalled an insert encapsulating layer, that surrounds the insert may becomprised of standard hydrogel lens formulations. Exemplary materialswith characteristics that may provide an acceptable match to numerousinsert materials may include the Narafilcon family; including NarafilconA and Narafilcon B. Alternatively, the Etafilcon family; includingEtafilcon A may represent good exemplary material choices. A moretechnically inclusive discussion follows on the nature of materialsconsistent with the art herein; but it may be clear that any materialthat may form an acceptable enclosure or partial enclosure of the sealedand encapsulated inserts are consistent and included.

Suitable silicone containing components include compounds of Formula I

where:

R¹ is independently selected from monovalent reactive groups, monovalentalkyl groups, or monovalent aryl groups, any of the foregoing which mayfurther comprise functionality selected from hydroxy, amino, oxa,carboxy, alkyl carboxy, alkoxy, amido, carbamate, carbonate, halogen orcombinations thereof; and monovalent siloxane chains comprising 1-100Si—O repeat units which may further comprise functionality selected fromalkyl, hydroxy, amino, oxa, carboxy, alkyl carboxy, alkoxy, amido,carbamate, halogen or combinations thereof;

where b=0 to 500, where it is understood that when b is other than 0, bis a distribution having a mode equal to a stated value;

wherein at least one R¹ comprises a monovalent reactive group, and insome embodiments between one and 3 R¹ comprise monovalent reactivegroups.

As used herein “monovalent reactive groups” are groups that can undergofree radical and/or cationic polymerization. Non-limiting examples offree radical reactive groups include (meth)acrylates, styryls, vinyls,vinyl ethers, C₁₋₆alkyl(meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylamides,C₁₋₆alkyl(meth)acrylamides, N-vinyllactams, N-vinylamides,C₂₋₁₂alkenyls, C₂₋₁₂alkenylphenyls, C₂₋₁₂alkenylnaphthyls,C₂₋₆alkenylphenylC₁₋₆alkyls, O-vinylcarbamates and O-vinylcarbonates.Non-limiting examples of cationic reactive groups include vinyl ethersor epoxide groups and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the freeradical reactive groups comprises (meth)acrylate, acryloxy,(meth)acrylamide, and mixtures thereof.

Suitable monovalent alkyl and aryl groups include unsubstitutedmonovalent C₁ to C₁₆alkyl groups, C₆-C₁₄ aryl groups, such assubstituted and unsubstituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl,2-hydroxypropyl, propoxypropyl, polyethyleneoxypropyl, combinationsthereof and the like.

In one embodiment b is zero, one R¹ is a monovalent reactive group, andat least 3 R¹ are selected from monovalent alkyl groups having one to 16carbon atoms, and in another embodiment from monovalent alkyl groupshaving one to 6 carbon atoms. Non-limiting examples of siliconecomponents of this embodiment include2-methyl-,2-hydroxy-3-[3-[1,3,3,3-tetramethyl-1-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]disiloxanyl]propoxy]propylester (“SiGMA”),2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyloxypropyl-tris(trimethylsiloxy)silane,3-methacryloxypropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane (“TRIS”),3-methacryloxypropylbis(trimethylsiloxy)methylsilane and3-methacryloxypropylpentamethyl disiloxane.

In another embodiment, b is 2 to 20, 3 to 15 or in some embodiments 3 to10; at least one terminal R¹ comprises a monovalent reactive group andthe remaining R¹ are selected from monovalent alkyl groups having 1 to16 carbon atoms, and in another embodiment from monovalent alkyl groupshaving 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In yet another embodiment, b is 3 to 15, oneterminal R¹ comprises a monovalent reactive group, the other terminal R¹comprises a monovalent alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and theremaining R¹ comprise monovalent alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.Non-limiting examples of silicone components of this embodiment include(mono-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyl)-propyl ether terminatedpolydimethylsiloxane (400-1000 MW)) (“OH-mPDMS”), monomethacryloxypropylterminated mono-n-butyl terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (800-1000 MW),(“mPDMS”).

In another embodiment b is 5 to 400 or from 10 to 300, both terminal R¹comprise monovalent reactive groups and the remaining R¹ areindependently selected from monovalent alkyl groups having 1 to 18carbon atoms which may have ether linkages between carbon atoms and mayfurther comprise halogen.

In one embodiment, where a silicone hydrogel lens is desired, the lensof the present invention will be made from a Reactive Mixture comprisingat least about 20 and preferably between about 20 and 70% wt siliconecontaining components based on total weight of reactive monomercomponents from which the polymer is made.

In another embodiment, one to four R¹ comprises a vinyl carbonate orcarbamate of the formula:

wherein: Y denotes O—, S— or NH—;

R denotes, hydrogen or methyl; d is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and q is 0 or 1.

The silicone-containing vinyl carbonate or vinyl carbamate monomersspecifically include:1,3-bis[4-(vinyloxycarbonyloxy)but-1-yl]tetramethyl-disiloxane;3-(vinyloxycarbonylthio) propyl-[tris (trimethylsiloxy)silane];3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl] propyl allyl carbamate;3-[tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyl] propyl vinyl carbamate;trimethylsilylethyl vinyl carbonate; trimethylsilylmethyl vinylcarbonate, and

Where biomedical devices with modulus below about 200 are desired, onlyone R¹ shall comprise a monovalent reactive group and no more than twoof the remaining R¹ groups will comprise monovalent siloxane groups.

Another class of silicone-containing components includes polyurethanemacromers of the following formulae:

(*D*A*D*G)_(a)*D*D*E¹;

E(*D*G*D*A)_(a)*D*G*D*E¹ or;

E(*D*A*D*G)_(a)*D*A*D*E¹  Formulae IV-VI

wherein:

D denotes an alkyl diradical, an alkyl cycloalkyl diradical, acycloalkyl diradical, an aryl diradical or an alkylaryl diradical having6 to 30 carbon atoms,

G denotes an alkyl diradical, a cycloalkyl diradical, an alkylcycloalkyl diradical, an aryl diradical or an alkylaryl diradical having1 to 40 carbon atoms and which may contain ether, thio or amine linkagesin the main chain;

* denotes a urethane or ureido linkage;

_(a) is at least 1;

A denotes a divalent polymeric radical of formula:

Formula VII

R¹¹ independently denotes an alkyl or fluoro-substituted alkyl grouphaving 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may contain ether linkages betweencarbon atoms; y is at least 1; and p provides a moiety weight of 400 to10,000; each of E and E¹ independently denotes a polymerizableunsaturated organic radical represented by formula:

Formula VIII

wherein: R¹² is hydrogen or methyl; R¹³ is hydrogen, an alkyl radicalhaving 1 to 6 carbon

atoms, or a —CO—Y—R¹⁵ radical wherein Y is —O—, Y—S— or —NH—; R¹⁴ is adivalent radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; X denotes —CO— or —OCO—; Zdenotes —O— or —NH—; Ar denotes an aromatic radical having 6 to 30carbon atoms; w is 0 to 6; x is 0 or 1; y is 0 or 1; and z is 0 or 1.

A preferred silicone-containing component is a polyurethane macromerrepresented by the following formula:

wherein R¹⁶ is a diradical of a diisocyanate after removal of theisocyanate group, such as the diradical of isophorone diisocyanate.Another suitable silicone containing macromer is compound of formula X(in which x+y is a number in the range of 10 to 30) formed by thereaction of fluoroether, hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane,isophorone diisocyanate and isocyanatoethylmethacrylate.

Other silicone containing components suitable for use in this inventioninclude macromers containing polysiloxane, polyalkylene ether,diisocyanate, polyfluorinated hydrocarbon, polyfluorinated ether andpolysaccharide groups; polysiloxanes with a polar fluorinated graft orside group having a hydrogen atom attached to a terminaldifluoro-substituted carbon atom; hydrophilic siloxanyl methacrylatescontaining ether and siloxanyl linkanges and crosslinkable monomerscontaining polyether and polysiloxanyl groups. Any of the foregoingpolysiloxanes can also be used as the silicone-containing component inthis invention.

CONCLUSION

The present invention, as described above and as further defined by theclaims below, provides for methods and apparatus for manufacturing anOphthalmic Lens with passive event coloration mechanisms, which may notrequire a power source. In some embodiments, the passive eventcoloration mechanisms may be combined with Rigid Inserts or MediaInserts, wherein the inserts may provide additional functionalities.

1. An ophthalmic device comprising: an optic zone portion and aperipheral edge portion surrounding the optic zone portion; an eventcoloration mechanism in proximity to the optic zone portion wherein theevent coloration mechanism is capable of triggering a visual indicationin the optic zone of the ophthalmic lens as to be visible to a wearer,based on an occurrence of a predefined event occurring while theophthalmic lens is in the eye of the wearer; and wherein the eventcoloration mechanism comprises: a first reservoir containing a firstsubstance; and an encapsulating layer encapsulating the first reservoir.2. The ophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein the first substance iscapable of coloration by reacting with a predefined constituent or apredefined condition of a tear fluid of an eye, and wherein thepredefined constituent or the predefined condition is indicative of thepredefined event.
 3. The ophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein the eventcoloration mechanism further comprises a rigid insert.
 4. The ophthalmicdevice of claim 1, wherein the predefined event comprises a predefinedpH level.
 5. The ophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein the eventcoloration mechanism comprises liquid crystal, wherein the liquidcrystal is capable of altering color based on a temperature change inthe ocular environment.
 6. The ophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein theencapsulating layer is selectively permeable to the predefinedconstituent.
 7. The ophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein the eventcoloration mechanism is not visible to the wearer of the ophthalmic lensin an absence of the predefined event occurring.
 8. The ophthalmicdevice of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the event colorationmechanism that is capable of triggering the visual indication is outsideof the line of sight of the wearer of the ophthalmic lens in an absenceof the predefined event occurring.
 9. The ophthalmic device of claim 1,wherein at least a portion of the event coloration mechanism that iscapable of triggering the visual indication is in the line of sight ofthe wearer of the ophthalmic lens.
 10. The ophthalmic device of claim 1,wherein the encapsulating layer comprises a degradable material.
 11. Theophthalmic device of claim 10, wherein the encapsulating layer isdegraded by a constituent of tear fluid of the wearer.
 12. Theophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein the first substance is a coloredsubstance.
 13. The ophthalmic device of claim 1 further comprising asecond reservoir.
 14. The ophthalmic device of claim 11, wherein thesecond reservoir is configured to collect the first substance subsequentto a release of the first substance due to the degradation of theencapsulating layer.
 15. The ophthalmic device of claim 1, wherein theeven coloration mechanism is coated in a substance with lowpermeability.
 16. The ophthalmic device of claim 15, wherein thesubstance with low permeability is parylene.